Tag:

coventry ri

Four Days in May: The 1942 Rhode Island Forest Fires

On May 1, 1942, fire leveled more than 300 acres in the Limerock section of Lincoln, R.I. The source of ignition was at first thought to be ashes from a wood chopper’s pipe. The fire – the first of the 1942 Rhode Island forest fires — destroyed a cord of wood, damaged a garage and threatened three homes.

On the same day, 250 acres burned in Johnston on the Rohrig Estate. It took 60 firefighters to save a Scout camp and a farm from the blaze.

Again on the same day, firefighters fought a 350-acre forest fire at White Rock just northwest of Westerly. Only a wind change saved a number of houses in the fire’s path, something State Fire Service workers and 80 men from three towns couldn’t accomplish.

Manpower was scarce, as the United States had entered World War II six months earlier, and tens of thousands of Rhode Islanders joined the war effort. But the fires would only get worse over the next few days – and suspicions would grow about the source of the 1942 Rhode Island forest fires.

Westerly Fire Chief Columbus Pasetti believed arson started the fires. But 15 wildfires would burn all over Rhode Island over the first four days in May. The cause might have been even worse than arson.

Fire Bug

As soon as firefighters smothered the Westerly blaze, they got called to a four-acre fire at the Cook Farm. But the State Fire Service men had already broken off to extinguish a fire in Coventry.

The Coventry fire took two days to put out and spread into West Greenwich, where it mushroomed into a 40-square-mile inferno. By then it consumed a dozen homes and leveled camps and barns.

Rhode Island officials were convinced they had a fire bug on their hands.

1942 Rhode Island Fires

On May 2 alone, fires broke out in the western Rhode Island towns of West Greenwich, Scituate and Coventry. In the eastern part of the state, a fire started in Newport among fallen timber from the 1938 hurricane around Tonomy Hill.

Officials said the fires, the biggest in Rhode Island memory, had been set deliberately.

A call for help went out. Soldiers from Fort Devens and sailors from Quonset Point joined the crusade to extinguish the fires. All available apparatus in the area responded, as well as equipment from as far away as Warren and Bristol.

A thousand people fought the Rhode Island fires by then, but still they couldn’t extinguish them.

Army and Navy officials said they dispatched more men to help. Governor J. Howard McGrath issued a public appeal for another thousand men.

All workers from the Works Progress Administration and the state Department of Public Works were dispatched to the scene. Volunteers poured into the area, but were only allowed to fight the fire if they had some equipment. Some volunteers went in with as little as a shovel or a burlap bag. The situation was growing desperate.

Warwick announced a special police motorcycle patrol to protect their woodlands.

All told, 3,000 volunteers and firefighters fought the Rhode Island fires.

Louttit School

At least 75 volunteers and firefighters received injuries in the fire. They were treated at a makeshift hospital at the Louttit School in West Greenwich (now the town’s public library). The school also served as a headquarters for the whole firefighting operation.

The Providence Police radio patrol set up two heavy-duty transmitters at the Louttit School, communicating via six portable sets.

The U.S. Army set up a mobile field kitchen to feed the hungry men. Emergency canteen units from the Red Cross and Civil Defense Women’s Ambulance and Transportation Corps also arrived at the scene.

The Louttit School, now the West Greenwich Library

Martial Law

It’s still May 2, and Governor McGrath declares martial law in Coventry, West Greenwich, Scituate and in parts of three other towns. Blue-uniformed state guardsmen along with 200 soldiers with loaded rifles now patrolled the roads of those towns.

Suddenly 20 of those state guardsmen found themselves trapped by flames as the fire surrounded them. They managed to escape.

Another guardsman, while going to his backpack tank, got disoriented and had to run for his life as the flames leaped ahead of him among the tree tops. He finally found refuge in a swamp.

Damage

Another story unfolded when a grandmother, a mother and three children ran for their lives as the fire raged around them. They found salvation in a nearby brook. As the fire passed over them, they made their way through the smoldering forest to a highway where a motorist picked them up and brought them to safety.

They had watched as their home, their barn and their garage burned to the ground. Their dogs and all their livestock perished, except for one pig.

Among the buildings destroyed in the Rhode Island fires was a storage facility with 250,000 board feet of lumber owned by the federal government. Firefighters barely saved another building with 1.25 million board feet of federal lumber in it.

Coincidence? It was widely believed, according to the New York Times, that it might be sabotage. No one, however, made the official charge.

Enemy Action?

Author Ian Fleming wrote once is happenstance, twice is coincidence, three times is enemy action.

Governor McGrath said he saw Army aerial photos that showed the fires starting up in widely separated areas. The conditions at the time were not conducive to flying sparks igniting fires in those far-apart places.

James R. Simmons with the Federal Fire Service strongly hinted that the Rhode Island fires were suspicious. Of the 15 fires that erupted almost simultaneously, many started near federal lumber storage areas – the location of which was confidential.

Gov. James Howard McGrath

May 3

On May 3, yet more Rhode Island fires broke out, four to be exact: two in Assonet, one in Somerset and one in Tiverton. One hundred men took three hours to check the Tiverton blaze by a backfire.

Fire also raged in the Moosup Valley section of Foster along the Connecticut border. Rhode Island and Connecticut fire forces struggled to halt the progress of that conflagration.

At 9 p.m. that night, Governor McGrath announced that all of the fire seemed to be under control. Mopping-up operations would continue into the next day to make sure the fires were out. By the end of May 3, the last 1,500 firefighters straggled home as the nightmare seemed to be at an end.

A Wider View

What caused the Rhode Island fires? We have seen experienced professionals speculate that arson or maybe sabotage started them. Remember, Governor McGrath saw Army aerial photos showing many fires starting at the same time.

Was there a precedent for this? Here’s a bigger view.

On April 20, 1942, Forest Ranger J.B. Fortin reported 20 fires starting almost simultaneously on Sunburst Mountain in Brevard, N.C. They developed into huge forest fires.

Fortin, a veteran ranger, had never seen anything like it. On his first radio call, he said it had to be saboteurs. The outbreak of fires in Brevard went on for a week.

Then later that month 168 fires broke out in New Jersey — coincidentally near an Army base. Those fires grew so tremendously that a call went out for shock troops of citizens to help extinguish them along with 2,500 soldiers. The fires eventually consumed 5000 acres, according to the New York Times.

William Breuer in his book The Air Raid Warden Was a Spy, entitled one chapter The Eastern Seaboard Set Ablaze. The FBI was going to investigate all of these fires, but never revealed what they found.

So were all of these fires sabotage?

Maybe.

Leo Caisse, the author of this story, passed away in 2020. He published the book, The Civilian Conservation Corps: A Guide to Their Works in Rhode Island. He also published a number of historical articles, including Ears On the World in America in World War II Magazine, October, 2017. Leo earned a B.A. and M.A. in American History from Providence College and he lived in East Providence, R.I.

1942 was a bad year for fires. The Cocoanut Grove Fire in Boston killed 660 people that year. Read more about them here and here.

This story was updated in 2022.

4 comments 643 views

Rhode Island’s Nathanael Greene – the Limping Quaker Who Won the Revolution

Nathanael Greene had asthma, walked with a pronounced limp and belonged to the pacifist Quaker religion.

None of that stopped him from becoming a national hero doing some of the toughest jobs of the American Revolution. His brainy tactics against the British in the South helped cement the American victory at the Battle of Yorktown.

Nathanael Greene once explained the secret to his success: “We fight, get beat, rise, and fight again,” he wrote.

Nathanael Greene

Southern Theater

In 1780, American hopes for southern victory over the British lay in tatters. Congress, quarreling with Gen. George Washington, had ordered his rival Horatio Gates to take charge of the fighting in the South. Gates had made a mess of it.

He lost his army (and his reputation) in battle with British General Charles Cornwallis at Camden, S.C. The loss permanently stained Gates’ record not simply because he lost, but because he lost 1,000 troops in the process. He also lost most of his army’s supplies in a badly managed retreat.

Gates was one of three generals Congress had sent south who got thumped by the British. Furthermore, he had given at least tacit approval to a conspiracy to oust Washington (for which he later apologized).

A frustrated Washington watched in dismay as Congress gave over the southern theater of the war to his rival. Contrite and embarrassed, Congress finally turned back to Washington and asked him to direct the war in the South.

Nathanael Greene Takes Charge

Washington turned to his Rhode Island general, Nathanael Greene, to once again handle a dirty job. Greene had taken over as quartermaster during the dismal winter at Valley Forge and managed camp affairs – much to his disappointment. It was a largely thankless job and he got little thanks for it – other than from Washington.

In moving south, Greene now faced the challenge of taking on Cornwallis’ superior force. In addition, the country was beginning to question whether it could ever succeed in evicting the British.

Nathanael Greene was a self-taught soldier. A member of one of Rhode Island’s leading families, he had stocked his library with many books on military leadership and tactics. His ferocious opposition to the British would earn him a rebuke from his fellow pacifist Quakers. But Greene persisted in his studies.

In 1774 Greene helped organize the Kentish Guards, an army in Rhode Island, to prepare for war against Britain. He was only allowed to serve as a private because of his limp. Following the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the Rhode Island Legislature appointed Greene a general and sent him to Boston to join in the fighting.

Nathanael Greene honed his administrative and battle skills fighting under Washington in Massachusetts and New Jersey. Washington now viewed him as one of his most able and trusted men.

Cat and Mouse

In the Carolinas, Greene began engaging in a game of cat and mouse with Cornwallis. As Cornwallis advanced, Greene retreated. What may have looked like cowardice was part of Greene’s strategy. He wanted to pull Cornwallis as far as he could from his main supplies in Wilmington, Del., to make it as difficult as possible for him to supply his army. He also wanted to find a battlefield that would give every possible edge to his greener troops.

The Battle of Cowpens by William Ranney

Greene had ordered Gen. Daniel Morgan, a battle-tested soldier, to harass the British, and Morgan was a happy victor at the Battle of Cowpens in South Carolina in January of 1781. Morgan’s victory was a tactical stroke of brilliance. His militia, he knew, would break and run as the British advanced if he asked it to hold the field. Instead, he told his militia, they would be placed centrally to draw the British soldiers who would see the weakness and attack.

All Morgan asked was that his militia fire two volleys – an assignment they could manage – and then retreat to the side of another line of soldiers and reform there. The British took the bait. As the militia broke and ran, the British assumed a full retreat was under way. As they rushed forward, the American lines reformed and won a decisive and embarrassing victory.

Greene, meanwhile, kept retreating, separating his army from Cornwallis by the Carolina rivers so prone to rapid rises. He wanted to keep Cornwallis expending as much energy as possible, all the while assuring Washington he would soon stop his retreat.

Finally Greene arrived outside Guilford Court House in North Carolina. Here he offered to make a stand in March of 1781 against Cornwallis. The British general happily accepted.

Nathanael Greene, Hero

Nathanael Greene employed similar tactics to those Morgan used. Though numerically superior, the Americans had little training, and the British took the victory. The cost, however, was out of proportion to the victory gained.

While they won the field, Greene’s choice of battle site kept his losses to a minimum. His position made best use of his sharpshooting American forces while rendering British artillery less effective.

2019 reenactment of the Battle of Guilford Courthouse.

The Battle of Guilford Court House was a Pyrrhic victory for the British. Furthermore, the two battles of Cowpens and Guilford Court House made it virtually impossible for the British to recruit local troops to support the regular army.

The dispiriting battles set up the British for their final defeat at Yorktown. Nathanael Greene, the limping Quaker, returned to a hero’s welcome in Rhode Island. He didn’t stay long, however. The South Carolina government had voted him a large reward for his services. He settled in Georgia with his family and established a large estate.

Nathanael Greene died at 43 on June 19, 1786, only three years after the war ended. But his reputation was firmly established as one of the ablest soldiers in George Washington’s army.

This story about Nathanael Greene was updated in 2022. Image of the Battle of Guilford Courthouse Reenactment by By Tamar Hayardeni – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=77408666.

10 comments 1.7k views

Flashback Photo: Beautiful Mill Girl, Coventry, R.I., 1909

Lewis Hine, the great social reformer and photographer, took this photo of a mill girl in April 1909 of a mill girl in Coventry, R.I. Hine’s caption read, ‘A beautiful young spinner and doffer in Interlaken Mill, Arkwirght, R. I. She has worked there 1 year. Looked 12 yrs. old and had a hectic flush caused by warm, close atmosphere.’

Beautiful young spinner, by Lewis Hine

Arkwright was actually the name of the mill village in Coventry and the company that built the mill in 1810. Doffers were usually the youngest employees in a mill. They removed the full spindles or bobbins of thread from the spinning frame. Spinners walked up and down the machines, brushing away lint and watching for broken thread.

It had to be hot and humid in the cotton mills to prevent the thread from breaking. The air was thick with cotton dust, which caused lung disease, skin infections, eye infections, bronchitis and tuberculosis.

For years Hine recorded the working conditions under which children labored. He photographed children picking tobacco, working in textile mills, selling newspapers and canning sardines. He often talked his way into the mills by pretending to be an industrial photographer taking pictures of machines. At the last minute he would put a child in the picture, ostensibly to show the size of the machine. Hine risked his life many times. His work inspired moral outrage and led to the passage of child labor laws.