In the fall of 1680, John Danforth – with his freshly minted degree from Harvard College – visited Taunton on the South Shore of Massachusetts. He took a side trip to see one of the curiosities of the age: The Dighton Writing Rock. The rock, probably carved by Native Americans, recorded a time when a hostile ship arrived and fought with the local people, he recorded. Thus began the mystery of Dighton Rock.
Draftsman, painter, and watercolorist Seth Eastman appears seated atop Dighton Rock, a proper gentleman in high collar and vest contrasted with the natural setting and primitive, cryptic carvings. Eastman had been commissioned to illustrate Henry Rowe Schoolcraft’s book, Historical and Statistical Information Respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States. (From the Getty Museum)
Dighton Rock
The mystery of Dighton Rock has no solution. But for centuries it has fascinated scholars, amateur archaeologists, students of New England Native American tribes and tourists.
The rock itself weighs 40 tons and measures about five feet high and 11 feet long. It bears markings and inscription across one of its sides that people interpreted more than 25 times and come up with more than 35 theories as to what they mean.
It rested in the Taunton River in Dighton for more than 300 years, where high tides partially submerged it.
Danforth, later a minister in Dorchester, Mass., helped popularize the rock with his brief description. He forwarded it, along with his drawing of the rock, to the Royal Society of London for its consideration. Danforth’s document remains in the collections of the British Museum today.
Cotton Mather
The prolific Cotton Mather highlighted the rock in a sermon in 1689, which he later published. He gave it the title The wonderful works of God commemorated praises bespoke for the God of heaven in a thanksgiving sermon delivered on December 19, 1689 : containing reflections upon the excellent things done by the great God.
Inscription on Dighton Rock as drawn by John Danforth in 1680
Mather didn’t speculate about the specifics of the writings on the rock . Rather, he mentioned them as writings from a previous era carved on the large rock – “no man alive knows how or when.” However, among his other theories, Mather postulated that before the Puritans arrived in New England, a group of explorers inspired by Satan had crossed from Europe and settled in America – only to die miserably. Perhaps this was a remnant of that earlier group.
In 1767, Ezra Stiles, then president of Yale, declared the figures on the rock were Phoenician. Stiles theorized that the Phoenicians – mainly known for their seafaring trade in the Mediterranean – had managed a visit to North America and left the writing as a calling card.
That idea gained traction in Europe, as well, where Danforth’s drawing received fresh attention among British and French historians. Others concluded the markings were from Armenians who made their way to America via Siberia. And another camp, which had tried to connect the origins of Native American tribes with Asia, proposed that the characters came from explorers from Japan, China or other parts of Asia.
Dighton Rock by Frank Davis, 1893
Washington Weighs In
Later, in 1789, George Washington opined – while touring New England – that indigenous people left the Dighton markings. They resembled Native American drawings he knew about in Virginia, he concluded. Thus, the founding father cast his lot with Danforth’s original reporting that the American Indians had left the message.
In 1837, the controversy was reignited when Danish writer Charles Christian Rafn published his Antiquities Americanae, which contained more than 40 pages of analysis of the Dighton Rock. Rafn concluded the markings on the rock were Norse, and found in the writing the inscription: “Thorfinn and his 151 companions took possession of this land.”
Almost no one else has been able to see the same thing, despite countless hours of study devoted to searching.
Another College Heard From
In 1912, Edmund Burke Delabarre laid a new claim on the rock, arguing it was evidence of Portuguese discovery of America. The Brown University scholar summered near the rock for many years. He had spent countless hours trying to interpret the writing. He concluded that Portuguese explorer Miguel Corte-Real wrote the inscription. Corte-Real had left Portugal in 1502 on an exploratory voyage and was never heard from again.
Delabarre proposed that he had been heard from, in the inscription on the rock that read: “I, Miguel Cortereal, 1511. In this place, by the will of God, I became a chief of the Indians.”
Dighton Rock in 2015
In 1963, a group of preservationists finally wrested the rock from the riverbed and placed it in its own museum in Berkley, Mass. There it continues to inspire controversy.
Then in 2002, a scholar came up with a claim as controversial as any. He said the inscriptions were Chinese and evidence of the Chinese discovery of America.
This story last updated in 2021.
Images: Dighton Rock in 2015 By Kenneth C. Zirkel – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64159607.
