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8 Things You Didn’t Know About New England Olympians

Ever since a Bostonian won the first event in the first modern Olympics, New England has sent more than its share of Olympians to compete for athletic glory.

New England Olympians have done especially well in the winter Olympics, winning a share of gold medals disproportionate to their states’ populations.

James Connolly, the first-ever U.S. Olympian to win a medal.

Tiny Vermont can claim four Winter Olympics gold medals. New Hampshire has six, Connecticut has five and Massachusetts has 16 – third most in the country, despite ranking 14^th in population. Even Rhode Island can boast a Winter Olympics gold. The only New England state without a gold medal in the Winter Olympics is Maine.

Here, then, are eight facts about New England Olympians you may not know.

New England Olympians

The town of Norwich, Vt., with 3,000 residents, produced 11 Olympians and accounted for three Olympic medals. Nine of its Olympians competed in the winter Olympics, including ski jumpers Mike Holland and Jeff Hastings and skiers Hannah Kearney, Betsy Snite and Tim Tetreault.
Penny Pitou is a well-known name in New Hampshire for her eponymous travel agency, but she is also the first American skier to win a medal in the Olympic downhill She won silver medalsin both the downhill and giant slalom events at the 1960 Olympics. Pitou grew up in Center Harbor, N.H., but moved to Laconia with her family at 15. As a freshman at Laconia High in 1953, she hid her hair under her hat and competed on the boys’ ski team.
Nine of the 14 Americans who competed in the first modern Olympics in history came from the Boston Athletic Association or the Suffolk Athletic Club of South Boston. James B. Connolly, born in South Boston to poor Irish immigrants, won the first event– the triple jump — in the 1896 Olympics in Athens. He took home a silver medal (gold medals weren’t issued then) and an olive laurel wreath. He almost didn’t make it because a thief stole his wallet on the way to the games.
Many people know four players from the ‘Miracle on Ice’ hockey team of 1980 all attended Boston University and all came from Massachusetts. They included team captain Mike Eruzione, starters Dave Silk and Jim Craigand Jack O’Callahan. But few people remember the five Massachusetts players from the 1924 U.S. hockey team, which won the silver medal: Irving Small, Willard Rice, Justin McCarthy, John Lyons and John Langley.
New Haven native Dr. Benjamin Spock won a gold medal for rowing in the 1924 Olympics as a member of the Yale University rowing team. Later, as America’s most famous baby doctor, he warned against putting young children into ‘excessive competition.’
The Boston Skating Club has produced more national championsthan any skating club in the country, including Olympics medal winners Dick Button, Nancy Kerrigan and Tenley Albright.
Dorothy Hamill was Paraguay’s sweetheart, too.
Two-time Olympic skier Tom Corcoran was born in Japan and spent his childhood in Quebec, but he spent most of the rest of his time in New Hampshire. He attended the Emerson School, Philips Exeter Academy and Dartmouth College. In 1965 he founded the Waterville Company and began developing the Waterville Valley Ski Resort, which he ran until 1990.
Figure skater Dorothy Hamill grew up in Greenwich, Conn., She made her mark in the 1976 Winter Olympics when she took a gold medal in the ladies’ singles competition – and started a fashion trend with her sassy bobbed hair and large glasses. The media dubbed her ‘America’s sweetheart.’ She also invented a skating move known as the ‘Hamill Camel. She later married, and divorced, Dean Paul Martin, the son of entertainer Dean Martin.

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Johnny Kelley, Beloved Icon of the Boston Marathon

The day after Johnny Kelley won his first Boston Marathon in 1935, he showed up at 7:30 a.m. at his job in an Arlington, Mass., greenhouse.

He was a salt-of-the-earth Irishman from West Medford, Mass. By the time he ran his 61st — and last — race at the age of 84, he was the effervescent heart and soul of the Boston Marathon.

Johnny Kelley crosses the finish line in 1945. Photo courtesy Boston Public Library, Leslie Jones Collection.

He inspired the nickname “Heartbreak Hill,” where he went from frontrunner to fifth-place finisher in 1936.

Kelley was 65, with almost 20 more Boston Marathons ahead of him when he said, “For me, the race these days is to try to beat the girls to the finish and to wave to all my old friends along the course.”

When he was 70 he said he was afraid to stop running. “I feel too good,” he said. “I want to stay alive.”

Johnny Kelley, Iron Man

He was born on Sept. 6, 1907, the son of a letter carrier and the oldest of 10 children. His family would form a large cheering section at his races.

He ran track and cross-country at nearby Arlington High School. At 20, he ran his first Boston Marathon, one of 285 male entrants, but he didn’t finish. Like the other runners, he took the trolley or bummed a ride to get to the race. The last time he ran, in 1992, 9,629 men and women ran for $418,000 in prizes, including a Mercedes-Benz for the winner.

Others have won more marathons — Clarence DeMar won seven – but Johnny Kelley holds the record for endurance. He won the Boston Marathon twice, in 1935 and 1945, finished second a record seven times and finished in the top 10 in 19 others.

Johnny Kelley with another runner courtesy Boston Public Library, Leslie Jones Collection.

The Boston Globe reported his bitterest defeat came in 1936.

Kelley was a little cocky when he came up on a struggling Tarzan Brown, the mercurial Narragansett Indian who also won the Boston Marathon twice:

…as they approached the treacherous stretch of hills in Newton. Kelley gave Brown a tap on the back, which was all the fuel Brown needed to rekindle his fire to win the race. The late Globe sports editor Jerry Nason, who witnessed the incident from the press vehicle, saw it as the turning point of the race and dubbed it “Heartbreak Hill.”

“He named it after me,” Kelley said. “I didn’t mean to be fresh or anything when I tapped Tarzan Brown, and it was just a tap, but Nason said I should have never done that, because it wasn’t right. For 15 years, he kept reminding me about it until I told him, ‘Enough’s enough’.”

Kept Going

Tarzan Brown and Johnny Kelley both went to the Berlin Olympics in 1936. Kelley finished 18^th in the marathon. Brown didn’t compete because of a hernia, but got into a fight with Nazi brownshirts in a beer garden. Kelley would run two more Olympic marathons, the last in London at the age of 40.

In 1940, Johnny Kelley had a job as a security guard at a Boston Edison power plant and had just married Mary Knowles, a stenographer he met on the streetcar. Shortly after their second wedding anniversary, Mary collapsed and died three days later of cancer. Running, he said, helped him get through it.

Johnny Kelley got drafted in 1942, married briefly a second time and still ran the Boston Marathon. He went back to work at the power plant in mechanical maintenance.

He won his second Boston Marathon in 1945. In 1946, an undernourished Greek named Stylianos Kyiarides came from behind to beat him. Kelley graciously hugged Kyiarides at the finish.

He took up painting in his 50s, producing about 20 seascapes and landscapes a year and selling most of them. In 1972, he retired from Boston Edison and moved to East Dennis, Mass., with his third wife, Laura Harlow.

In 1991, at the age of 83, he fell into Laura’s arms after finishing the race. The two crashed to the pavement. He still hadn’t had enough. The next year it took him 5 hours and 57 minutes to finish the race, and he decided he needed to get home before dark. For the next two years, he only ran the last seven miles of the Marathon, starting at Heartbreak Hill. Finally, he retired in 1995.

No Money

He had run 112 marathons, winning one refrigerator, 22 diamond rings, 118 watches and no money.

In 1995, the first year of his retirement from running, he rode in a convertible at the head of the race as its grand marshal. Four years later, he was hospitalized with pneumonia and missed the race. He sent a tape to the champions’ breakfast before the race of his singing, Young at Heart.

Johnny Kelley in 1996

A 7-foot bronze statue of Johnny Kelley was unveiled in 1993, about a mile from the base of Heartbreak Hill on the Marathon course in Newton, Mass. The statue is actually two likenesses of Kelley: one of him as a 27-year-old winning the Boston Marathon in 1935, the other of him as an 84-year-old finishing his 61^st and last marathon. They hold hands as they break the tape crossing the finish line.

Johnny Kelley died at the age of 97 on Oct. 6, 2004 in a Cape Cod nursing home. He is buried in East Dennis, Mass., and his headstone reads, “Marathon Man.”

This story about Johnny Kelley last updated in 2022.

Image: Johnny Kelley in 1996 By unknown – Original publication: unknownImmediate source: https://archive.boston.com/sports/specials/obituaries/kelley/kelley_pictures?pg=9, Fair use, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=68969198.

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Aileen Riggin, Rhode Island’s Tiny Olympic Swimmer Who Made a Big Splash

Aileen Riggin, a Newport, R.I., native, spent a life of watery triumph. She became an Olympic gold-medal winner at the age of 14 — the youngest and smallest world champion to that point. At 4’7″ and 65 pounds, she barely rippled the water when she dove.

Aileen Riggin at the 1920 olympics.

She accomplished that feat in 1920 in Antwerp when she won the gold medal for women’s springboard diving. It was the first Olympic swimming competition ever, which created problems for Aileen. She was only notified of the required 10 dives two months before the event. When she finally received the rulebook in the mail, she found it was written in French. She had to go to the dictionary to find out what a coup de pied à la lune was. (It’s a gainer.) And two dives were added to the competition just minutes before it began.

Aileen Riggin in 1920

When she boarded the boat for Antwerp in 1920, she wasn’t sure she’d be able to compete. Some Olympic officials didn’t want women competing, and they certainly didn’t want a 14-year-old. The diving board was a plank with no spring and the water was black and icy cold. She adapted.

She would repeat with a silver medal in 1924 in Paris and a bronze for the 100-meter backstroke. One of her teammates was a rower from Yale named Benjamin Spock.

Aileen Riggin

Born in Newport on May 2, 1906, Aileen Riggin was a Navy brat who traveled the world and never lost her love of the water. She learned to swim at age 6 in Manila Bay, but began to swim for her health at her doctor’s suggestion after she recovered from the flu in the 1918 influenza epidemic. She took up diving in 1919, a controversial sport for women because people thought it would injure their health.

Following the Olympics victories, she made a career of swimming, appearing in films and exhibitions. (Watch a video of her diving here.) In 1925 she began giving swimming and diving exhibitions in England and Wales. The next year she dove into six feet of water for three weeks at New York’s Hippodrome. She toured with Gertrude Ederle, her former Olympic teammate, after Ederle swam the English Channel. In 1937, she organized and starred in the Billy Rose Aquacade at the Great Lakes Exposition.

She married Howard Soule and changed her name to Aileen Riggin Soule, becoming a newspaper sports columnist under that name. She wrote books about her experiences swimming, which she never stopped. After moving to Hawaii in 1957, she swam three miles a week in the ocean into her 90s. She founded the Hawaii Senior Games Association, and at 85 she broke six world records for her age group in the world masters championships.

Aileen Riggin Soule passed away at age 96 in Honolulu. Before her death, she was the only surviving member of the 1920 Olympics team.

This story was updated in 2022.

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U.S. Figure Skating: From a Flooded Field in Cambridge to the Olympic Games

Figure skating in America owes much to the flooding of a field belonging to a daughter of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in the winter of 1897.

Maribel Vinson Owen

Annie Longfellow Thorp’s field at the corner of Mount Auburn and Willard Street was the foundation of the Cambridge Skating Club. On that iced-over field, demonstrations of the international style of skating were held. Ultimately, those demonstrations propelled U.S. skaters into world-class competition.

Just across the Charles River, the storied Skating Club of Boston would later produce many of the heroes and heroines of Olympic figure skating contests.

Figure skating is the oldest and most popular Olympic winter sport. It developed in the United States with considerable help from New England’s skating clubs – particularly Boston, Cambridge and New Haven. Skating clubs in New York and Philadelphia were also crucial. But members of the New England clubs relentlessly promoted figure skating — and won plenty of competitions in the process.

Aristocratic Englishmen

Figures skating was a traditional sport in Northern Europe. During the 19^th century, figure skating became a sophisticated form of recreation for aristocratic Englishmen.

It dates to the 14^th century in Holland. Then the Dutch attached steel blades instead of animal bones to their boots to glide along the ice. In the 1660s, English royalists sought refuge in the Netherlands after Oliver Cromwell’s Glorious Revolution. They learned the Dutch roll – skating side-to-side – on steel skates. Then they brought both skate and roll back to Britain during the Restoration. Skating became popular among British aristocrats and clergy, who invented new figures.

The Skater by Gilbert Stuart

The first skating club was formed in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1744. The first book on skating was then published in 1772 in London. During the 19^th century, two styles of skating emerged: the English style, which emphasized rigid body carriage, and what came to be known as the international style, which stressed artistry and fluid motion. The American style was also evolving, a quicker, more relaxed way of figure skating. Benjamin West, a Philadelphia artist, demonstrated the American style to the delight of Londoners in the years before the American Revolution.

The first U.S. skating club was formed in Philadelphia in 1849. The Cambridge club was the second. Within 25 years of the first flooding of Mrs. Thorp’s field, the club’s president would spearhead the formation of the United States Figure Skating Association and the United States would have its first Olympic figure skating medal.

Browne and Brokaw

George H. Browne was not only a Harvard graduate and president of the Cambridge Skating Club, but founder and headmaster of the Browne & Nichols School in Cambridge. He would use his organizational and writing skills to popularize figure skating in America – and then some.

In 1900, he wrote the first U.S. handbook on how to figure skate. Two years later, he took a sabbatical to St. Moritz, Switzerland, where he studied the international style of skating. He came home and put on the first American demonstration of it with New York skater Irving Brokaw at the Cambridge Skating Club. Browne and Brokaw wrote guides to the new style and collaborated to demonstrate it across the country. Brokaw was the only North American to compete in the figure skating competition in the 1908 Olympic Games, finishing sixth.

Browne and Brokaw made fashionable the international style of skating in Boston. To accommodate the new vogue, the Back Bay elite in 1911 built one of the first artificial skating rinks and created the Skating Club of Boston. Over the years the club would produce more national champions than any skating club in the country and send six skaters and coaches to the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame.

In 1914. Browne organized the International Figure Skating Championships of America at the two-year-old New Haven Skating Club. Theresa Weld, daughter of Boston Skating Club President Winsor Weld, won that first championship. She went on to win the bronze medal in the 1920 Summer Olympics. From 1923 to 1963, Weld promoted figure skating as the volunteer editor of Skating magazine, at first publishing it out of her home in Brookline, Mass.

Golden Age of American Skating

Though Europeans dominated figure skating during the first half of the 20^th century, Americans came into their own at the half point. Carol Heiss and Hayes and David Jenkins won Olympic gold medals during the ‘50s. Two of the era’s biggest stars, Dick Button and Tenley Albright, trained at the Skating Club of Boston. (Click here for Tenley Albright’s story.)

Theresa Weld

Button, a New Jersey native, had won the U.S. championship in 1946 at the age of 16 and planned to attend Yale University. He’d been told he could continue to compete in college if his grades were good. Then he was told he couldn’t. Members of the Skating Club of Boston persuaded him to enter Harvard instead. He did, training at the club, commuting to Harvard and winning Olympic gold medals in 1948 and 1952. Button brought a new athleticism to the sport. In 1948 he was the first to execute a double axel in competition and the first triple jump in 1952. He graduated from Harvard in 1952.

Tragedy

Boston Skating Club members continued their string of successes in 1961 as part of the U.S. Figure Skating Team. Headed to Prague on Feb. 15 for the World Championships were the 18-member team and 16 family members, coaches and officials. Their Boeing 707 crash landed on a field near the airport, killing all 72 people aboard. Lost in the tragedy were Boston Skating Club members Maribel Vinson Owen of Winchester, a 1932 Olympic bronze medalist and coach; her two daughters, reigning U.S. ladies champion Laurie Owen and reigning U.S. pairs champion Maribel Owen; Maribel’s partner, Dudley Richardson; and reigning U.S. men’s champion Bradley Lord.

Seven years later, Peggy Fleming brought the United States back to figure skating prominence, winning the Olympic gold medal in ladies’ singles. Eight years later another New Englander, Dorothy Hamill, of Greenwich, Conn., won an Olympic gold medal. The Skating Club of Boston produced such recent Olympic stars are Nancy Kerrigan, winner of silver and bronze medals, and Paul Wylie, the 1992 silver medalist.

In 2014, the Skating Club of Boston sent Marissa Castelli of Cranston, R.I., and Simon Shnapir of Sudbury, Mass., to the Winter Olympics. They then won bronze medals in the team figure skating event.

This story last updated in 2022.

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Tenley Albright, From Polio in Massachusetts to Olympic Gold in Italy

Two weeks before the 1956 Winter Olympics began in Cortina, Italy, Tenley Albright slipped on a bump in the ice and slashed her right ankle to the bone with her left skate. She had to be helped off the ice. Few expected her to compete for a figure skating medal. Practically no one expected her to win.

Tenley Albright

But the pretty young figure skater had overcome long odds before to reach the pinnacle of her sport.

Tenley Albright

Tenley Albright was born July 18, 1935 in Newton Centre, Mass., the daughter of a surgeon. At 11 she suffered an attack of polio. She spent months in bed, unable to walk three steps without help. The Sister Kenny treatment alleviated her pain: Soft wool cloths were soaked in hot water, wrung dry and wrapped tightly around her legs.

Slowly she regained the use of her legs. Her doctors recommended she do something she loved to build up her strength, so she resumed figure skating at the Skating Club of Boston.

The third oldest skating club in the country, the Boston club and its counterpart in Philadelphia incubated the American sport of figure skating.

Within 10 years Tenley Albright won six straight U.S. women’s single titles, the world championship and a silver medal at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo.

Olympic Gold

Two days after her accident in Cortina, Albright’s father arrived and operated on her injured ankle.

When the competition began, she made it through the short programs and compulsories, stoically enduring intense pain. The real test would come with the free skate program, where she would have to perform with assurance and athleticism – and without signs of pain or anxiety.

Tenley Albright in Tokyo, 1953

She had chosen a waltz, The Barcarolle from Offenbach’s Tales of Hoffman, to accompany her skate. She began boldly. The crowd watched breathlessly as she spun and leaped, coming down hard on her right ankle without collapsing.

Then something extraordinary happened: The international audience began singing along with the waltz to encourage her as she skated.

“It was wonderful,” Albright said. “It made me forget about my injury.”

She finished to thunderous applause. Ten of the 11 judges gave her first-place scores. She won the gold medal in figure skating, the first American woman to do so.

Dr. Tenley Albright

Tenley Albright retired from skating after the 1956 Olympics and focused on finishing her education at Radcliffe College. She then graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1962 and became a distinguished surgeon and cancer researcher.

Fifty years later, she said that famous skate seemed like it happened yesterday.

“This enormous feeling just sort of welled up in me,” she said. “There was the most wonderful feeling of camaraderie. It made me feel like the sport was an international language.”

This story about Tenley Albright was updated in 2022.

Images: Olympics logo By Norway World – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64465556.

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The Trial of Dr. Benjamin Spock

Dr. Benjamin Spock was a card-carrying member of the Eastern Establishment until a presidential remark set him on a different path. It ended with his criminal conviction for opposing the Vietnam War.

He started out as a WASPy pediatrician who wrote a best-selling book. Then he began to rail against the Vietnam War and got himself indicted by the federal government.

Dr. Benjamin Spock

Just before his trial, he told a reporter, “It sometimes seems as if my friends are shooting by me to the right while they see me as sky-rocketing to the left.”

Benjamin Spock

Benjamin Spock was born on May 2, 1903, the son of a prominent New Haven lawyer. He followed his father’s academic path: Philips Academy and Yale University. He belonged to Scroll and Key, the secret society for future CIA directors and secretaries of state. Benjamin Spock even won a gold medal for rowing in the 1924 Olympics.

He graduated first in his class at Columbia University’s College of Physicians and Surgeons and started practicing as a pediatrician. He came across as gentle and dignified in his Brooks Brothers suits.

In 1946, he wrote Baby and Child Care, which instantly became the bible for new parents. For 52 years, no other book sold more copies except for – well, the Bible.

A Matter of Wording

Dr. Benjamin Spock turned into a peace activist in 1962 because of something President John F. Kennedy said. In May 1968, Spock told Life magazine:

The thing that did it was actually very small, a matter of wording. It was when President Kennedy decided to resume nuclear testing in 1962, after Russia resumed. He said that his experts told him we were way ahead of the Soviet Union in everything, but if we didn’t resume testing they could conceivably catch up sometime in the future. It made me realize that if a country can’t stop testing when it’s behind and can’t stop when it’s ahead either, then every excuse worked for more bombs and none for less. That was my turning point.

Arrest

Then at age 59 he joined the Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy. As the United States got more and more involved in the Vietnam War, Dr. Benjamin Spock got more strident opposing it. He urged young men not to register for selective service, burn their draft cards and skip their physicals.

He and other prominent writers, academics and public figures signed a statement calling the war illegal. They published it in the New York Review of Books on Oct. 12, 1967. Four days later, he joined a “Turn In, Burn In” rally at the Arlington Street Church in Boston. Young men marched on Boston Common, then burned their draft cards inside the church.

A draft card burning at the Arlington Street Church

Spock Arrested

On Dec. 5, 1967, he was arrested for protesting the war. A month later, U.S. Attorney General Ramsay Clark indicted him and four others for conspiring to counsel young men to evade the draft. Clark, who also opposed the war, chose prominent targets because he wanted a vigorous debate about the conflict.

Brought to trial in Boston on May 19, 1968 were Dr. Benjamin Spock, William Sloane Coffin, chaplain at Yale; Marcus Raskin, head of a think tank; Mitchell Goodman, novelist; and Michael Ferber, a Harvard graduate student. The press dubbed them the Boston Five.

It was the first major prosecution of the Vietnam War and it pretty much backfired. Alan Dershowitz later called it “a national disgrace.”

The men had never met each other, which made the conspiracy charge questionable. Dershowitz speculated the government brought a weak conspiracy charge because it would have the greatest impact on discouraging organized opposition to the Vietnam War.

Ramsey Clark, though, later indicated he brought a weak case because he wanted to lose it. ” “We won the case, that was the worst part,” he said.

Ramsey Clark and Lyndon Johnson in 1967.

Unknown Co-Conspirators

The trial, held in federal court in Boston, was a study in prosecutorial overreach and judicial bias.

Prosecutor John Wall claimed the defendants conspired with “diverse other persons, some known and others unknown.” The defense lawyer asked the prosecution to identify those people. Wall showed three hours of television footage of mass meetings, church services and news conferences. Wall later told a reporter that a man who claps and cheers like mad when Spock speaks is a co-conspirator, but the man who sits glum is not.

The judge, 85-year-old Francis Ford, appeared to be biased against the defendants. After the prosecutor made a cutting remark, Ford said to his clerk, “Tell that son of a bitch to cut it out! He’ll blow this case if he keeps this up, and get us all in trouble.”

At one point, the prosecutor asked one of the defendants whether he applauded William Sloane Coffin out of politeness or agreement. The defense attorney objected, saying, “I didn’t know applause was a crime.” Judge Ford threatened the attorney with contempt.

Conviction

Nonetheless, the jury convicted all but Raskin. The judge sentenced Dr. Spock to two years in prison. He never did time, as an appeals court judge overturned his conviction in 1969.

In a press conference after his conviction, Dr. Spock lost his composure. “I say to the American people, ‘Wake up.’ “ he shouted. “Get out there and do something before it’s too late. Do something NOW!”

He continued to speak out against the war on college campuses and at peace rallies. He was received warmly. “It’s worth being a criminal to get this kind of reception,” he said.

But he paid a price. Sales of Baby and Child Care dipped. His political enemies said the book promoted the permissiveness that caused the turmoil of the 1960s. Conservative minister Norman Vincent Peale said ‘the U.S. was paying the price of two generations that followed the Dr. Spock baby plan of instant gratification of needs.’

The criticism spread and took hold.

Spock dismissed it as politically motivated. But 25 years after the trial, reporters were asking him if he was still permissive. “You can’t catch up with a false accusation,” he said.

But he didn’t stop his peace activism. In 1987, police arrested him at Cape Canaveral Florida for protesting the Trident II missile.

Dr. Benjamin Spock protesting in Florida at age 83. He is at the microphone.

Dr. Benjamin Spock died on March 15, 1998, in La Jolla, Calif.

With thanks to America on Trial: Inside the Legal Battles That Transformed Our Nation by Alan Dershowitz.

This story about Benjamin Spock was updated in 2022.

Images: Dr. Spock protesting in Florida By Please credit "Family collection of Infrogmation of New Orleans" – Photo by deceased parent of Infrogmation of New Orleans, 1987. Inherited with sole rights by Infrogmation of New Orleans., CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=88286649. Draft card burning from WGBH, Howard Zinn And Burning Draft Cards – The Rewind, Episode 8, via youtube. Ramsey Clark and LBJ By LBJ Library photo by Yoichi Okamoto – http://www.lbjlibrary.net/collections/photo-archive.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=103501216. “Stop the War Now” sign By State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory, https://floridamemory.com/items/show/25387, Attribution, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44251446.

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